C Variables

Variables are containers for storing data values, like numbers and characters.

In C, there are different types of variables (defined with different keywords), for example:

• int - stores integers (whole numbers), without decimals, such as 123 or -123
• float - stores floating point numbers, with decimals, such as 19.99 or -19.99
• char - stores single characters, such as 'a' or 'B'. Char values are surrounded by single quotes

Declaring (Creating) Variables

To create a variable, specify the type and assign it a value:

Where type is one of C types (such as int), and variableName is the name of the variable (such as x or myName). The equal sign is used to assign a value to the variable.

So, to create a variable that should store a number, look at the following example:

You can also declare a variable without assigning the value, and assign the value later:

Output Variables

You learned from the output chapter that you can output values/print text with the printf() function:

In many other programming languages (like Python, Java, and C++), you would normally use a print function to display the value of a variable. However, this is not possible in C:

To output variables in C, you must get familiar with something called "format specifiers".

Format Specifiers

Format specifiers are used together with the printf() function to tell the compiler what type of data the variable is storing. It is basically a placeholder for the variable value.

A format specifier starts with a percentage sign %, followed by a character.

For example, to output the value of an int variable, you must use the format specifier %d or %i surrounded by double quotes, inside the printf() function:

To print other types, use %c for char and %f for float:

To combine both text and a variable, separate them with a comma inside the printf() function:

To print different types in a single printf() function, you can use the following:

Change Variable Values

Note: If you assign a new value to an existing variable, it will overwrite the previous value:

You can also assign the value of one variable to another:

Or copy values to empty variables:

Add Variables Together

To add a variable to another variable, you can use the + operator:

Declare Multiple Variables

To declare more than one variable of the same type, use a comma-separated list:

You can also assign the same value to multiple variables of the same type:

C Variable Names

All C variables must be identified with unique names.

These unique names are called identifiers.

Identifiers can be short names (like x and y) or more descriptive names (age, sum, totalVolume).

Note: It is recommended to use descriptive names in order to create understandable and maintainable code:

The general rules for naming variables are:

• Names can contain letters, digits and underscores
• Names must begin with a letter or an underscore (_)
• Names are case sensitive (myVar and myvar are different variables)
• Names cannot contain whitespaces or special characters like !, #, %, etc.
• Reserved words (such as int) cannot be used as names

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